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Hiroshi Motoyama
Hiroshi Motoyama (born December 15, 1925) is a Japanese parapsychologist, scientist, spiritual instructor and author whose primary topic is spiritual self-cultivation and the relationship between the mind and body. Motoyama emphasizes the meditative practices of Samkhya/Yoga, karma, reincarnation and Hindu theories of the chakras. Dr. Motoyama is also the founder of the California Institute for Human Science. He holds Ph.D. degrees in Philosophy and Physiological psychology from the Tokyo University of Literature and Science.
==Theory and Method==
Dr. Motoyama's philosophical system is based on his experiences of meditation. His philosophy is based on the idea that no individual philosophical system is without its faults. Because of this, his philosophy appears to be an eclectic blend of seemingly disparate philosophies, but this is far from the case. His system is centralized upon Samkhya philosophy due to its explanatory efficacy, but primarily because of its utilization by Patañjali.〔Awakening of the Chakras and Emancipation, p. 27.〕 Because of the attention to detail found in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Dr. Motoyama emphasizes the eight steps of yogic training.〔Toward a Superconsciousness: Meditational Theory and Practice.〕 However, he broadens the scope of samkhya here, extending the ultimate (the isolated Purusha) beyond the limitations of being. Borrowing from Nishida, Dr. Motoyama uses the term "''basho'' to define the field that sustains being itself.〔Being and the Logic of Interactive Function〕 This ''basho'' is beyond the categories of being/non-being and birth/death. One who abandons individuality itself becomes a ''basho-being'' by completely annihilating themselves. This is very much in line with the Buddhist Jhānas and the Mahayana notion of Śūnyatā. Thus, ''basho-being'' is roughly synonymous with "buddha." The ''basho'' is the limit of and that which sustains our universe, beyond which, Dr. Motoyama states, is God. In brief, Dr. Motoyama's system is a synthesis of Samkhya (atheistic), Buddhism (non-theistic) and Shinto (theism) that incorporates yogic cultivation, the energy systems of the body-mind as well as faith in God.
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